Freshers Speech free essay sample

In the event that life is an exercise in futility and time is a misuse of life at that point lets get burned through and have a great time pleasant night everybody and an extremely warm greeting to each one of those new pretty faces. I feel profoundly obliged having the chance to address our youngsters. You all are beginning for an excursion that we Just have finished however life. Life is a perpetual Journey it has no closure , however achievements unquestionably yes achievements And finishing your graduation from this school will positively be an important achievement .So affix up your shoe bands and lock in your belts for the Journey ahead , cause the best piece of your life Is walling for you . I should acquaint you with our school our school the EKE is extraordinary compared to other designing universities in India , the proverb of our school is making worldwide players by worldwide players I imply that the Sickens stand separated from the worldwide group . We will compose a custom exposition test on Freshers Speech or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Regardless of how small are the sparkles of triumph however Sickens realize how to fan those flashes to flares .So feel glad to be a piece of this extraordinary Institution . What's more, discussing considers instructors here are anxious to give the most they can . I might want to cite abbot Lawrence here There is a ton of information in colleges cause freshers get a little and seniors dont remove a lot So information kind of amasses. The school is offering all It has , however it relies upon the amount you can take of it .I might now Want to make you mindful of the three most essential principles of our school 1 . Do It today or It could be Illegal tomorrow. 2 - Certain things simply occur and dubious things are sure to occur, expect Make sure you adhere to every one of these guidelines and you will positively make some incredible memories here. So I for the benefit of the all the seniors might want to invite you to the EKE . I trust you have a great time .

What Is the Theme of Mark Twains “a Fable” Essay Example

What Is the Theme of Mark Twains â€Å"a Fable?† Essay Michael Sender English 390: Fable and Fantasy Professor Robin Mosher June 1, 2010 What is the Theme of Mark Twain’s â€Å"A Fable? † Mark Twain’s â€Å"A Fable† is about how a man paints a perfect work of art that will be take a gander at in a mirror. When the artist’s feline proceeds to tell his creature companions in the backwoods, the creatures need to see the perfect work of art too. The feline carries the creatures to the house individually and has them take a gander at the impression of the composition in the mirror. In any case, at whatever point a creature goes to take a gander at the work of art, they inadvertently remain between the mirror and the artwork, making them see just their impressions of themselves. The subject of the story can be practical to any peruser on the grounds that a reader’s understanding of the story seen not the same as the author’s purpose. For example, similar to the creatures in the forested areas, the peruser of the story peruses the expressions of the author’s story and pictures the story the manner in which they need to see them as far as they could tell, which is an impression of the reader’s own inclinations. We will compose a custom paper test on What Is the Theme of Mark Twains â€Å"a Fable?† explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on What Is the Theme of Mark Twains â€Å"a Fable?† explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on What Is the Theme of Mark Twains â€Å"a Fable?† explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In any case, all perusers realize that within each story is a painting of the author’s goal and a few perusers picked or don't see the canvas. It is accept that craftsmanship must be deciphered by how every crowd part sees it. Besides, in spite of the fact that animals or individuals will be unable to see something, they realize that it is there. Contemplate of how the jackass, from his viewpoint, doesn't see his own ears. While no one can see the air or sea flows however everybody realizes that it exists simply like the donkey’s ears. Be that as it may, moreover, quite a while back, individuals resembled the creatures from the backwoods who thought things like germs and microorganisms didn't exist since they had never observed them. Be that as it may, when an individual like the feline let them know, the individuals didn't have confidence in germs and would not accept that individual while they accepted ailments was brought about by things like awful stenches and furious spirits.

Introducing La Maison Française (French House)

Introducing La Maison Française (French House) Let’s take a tour. Begin by walking down Dorm Row, which takes you past almost all the dorms in West Campus. Stop when you are greeted by the following sign: You have arrived at New House: home to all of MITs cultural houses, as well as a few culture-unspecific living groups, like Desmond. Enter the arcade. Walk to the very end. Do a couple of stretches for your hamstrings and calves, and then climb to the top of the stairs (and feel thankful that you aren’t dragging an enormous suitcase or bags of laundry behind you.) Its a good work-out. You emerge in a lounge, where a group is inevitably playing either Super Smash Bros., Super Mario Kart, or Rock Band. Theyre preoccupied, so keep walking, and enter the kitchen/dining area. You are in French House: home to 6 refrigerators, and 26 undergraduates from all years (with a huge range of majors, hobbies, and French-speaking ability). We cook dinner every day (except Saturday) in teams of four. Its a good deal: five evenings a week, I have a four-course home-made dinner made for me, and one evening, I learn to cook. At midnight, cookies or muffins or pretzels or cake will magically appear on the sac-table*, and everyone will help themselves. *Sacrificial table Whats that? Youre dying to meet the people I live with? Understandable. Lets start with that kid over there the one at the dining table closest to you, with the brown hair. Thats Davie. Davie is a junior from southwest Vermont, double-majoring in Math and Music. At MIT, he is involved in the Gilbert Sullivan society which performs comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan and the chamber chorus, which is a class that runs for three hours per week. Non-MIT-related hobbies include birding, which consists of watching birds, looking at birds, and studying birds, and doing the same for insects. Davie has written about a hundred and fifty nature articles, most for a local paper, but also a few in the Vermont Entomological Society Journal and local nature newsletters. At his house in Vermont, he has found about 540 species of moth, seven of which had not previously been found in Vermont. If you’re feeling brave, go ahead and challenge him to a game of bananagrams. Afterwards, ask him why he likes MIT. Hell tell you that in all his time here, he has met “maybe one person” who wasnt really nice. Now ask him to tell you about French House. He’ll list some nouns: quirkiness, silliness, friendliness, cooking, intellectualism, humanities, incidentally French, games. A girl at the next table chimes in with its pretty amazing how many people are into the humanities in French House! This is Elizabeth, a freshman from Ann Arbor, Michigan, who recently declared a major in Course 16: Aeronautics/Astronautics. Ask her why. Until 7th grade, I thought I wanted to be a teacherbut then I watched this NOVA episode about the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. When she saw the moment of celebration in mission control, she realized that she wanted to be a part of that. Elizabeth plays the violin in MITSO (the Symphony Orchestra), and would like to stress that “Adam Boyles, our conductor, is really awesome. Shes also involved in WiSE, which pairs MIT students with high school girls in the area. They meet once a month and discuss what its like to be an engineer through lab tours and activities. Ask her about her summer plans: youll be jealous (Im jealous!). Shes traveling to Germany (the same program that blogger Hamsika did last year) to teach math and science to high school kids. If thats not cool enough, shes UROPing in the Space Systems lab, working on satellite controls with a grad student. She also says that she really likes reading literature. You begin to ask what her favorite book is, and she answers before you can even finish the question: To the Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf! Its a really really really amazing book. Ask her about French House. Its the people here who are really special. Juan can speak four languages, and Davie sings in his room all the time, and Julies writing music and Doras a double major with history, and Alan squawks at people. Sure enough, as you pass Davies room on your way back to the lounge, amazing opera floats out the door. When you get back to the lounge, the game of Super Smash Bros./Super Mario Kart/Rock Band is over, and people are just hanging out. If youd like, you can try talking to Ben, but if my last conversation with him was anything to judge by, you might leave a little bewildered. Me: Ben, where are you from? Ben: Ben was born an errant macaroni farmer in the wilds of suburban New Mexico. Me: Ben, where are you ACTUALLY from? Ben: Guam. Me: Ben. Ben: Tokyo. Me: Ben. At that point, I gave up and stalked him on Facebook to find my answer. I then tried to elicit some information about his MIT-related activities, and about what he thinks of French House. Me: Could you tell me about the MIT-related activities you do? I’m writing a blog post. Ben: I go to MIT. I am a student there. Me: Ben: I always take more than 36 units of classes, so I am a FULL-TIME student there! Me: … Ben: … Me: Well, you do varsity fencing, right? Ben: Yes. Me: Since you got here? Ben: Yes. Me: Did you do any fencing in high school? Ben: Yes. But not MIT varsity fencing. Me: What about fencing here do you like? Ben: Everything. I tried one more question. Me: What do you think of French House? Ben: I think everything of French House. The people here have become gaseous by high-energy interactions. Um, okay. On second thoughts, maybe you shouldnt talk to Ben. Instead, talk to the girl next to him: Adrienne, a sophomore from San Diego, whos majoring in Course 9: Brain and Cognitive Science. Adrienne was on the MIT sailing team last year, is now doing EMS as a third rider, and UROPs in the Littleton Lab, where she is studying synaptic transmissions, specifically complexinwith fruit flies. In her free time, she can be found baking, doodling, drawing, and reading. Ask her about MIT! What really sold me was the people. You can literally find every type of person hereand no one really cares what type of person you are. Theyre supportive and theyll help you no matter what. Luis interjects from the hallway: and they watch Disney movies with you! Now, ask her about French House. Its my family. I can act ridiculouslike I am now (as she hurls a pillow at Ben). I always have someone to go back to. Theyll take care of me and Ill take care of them. Ben interjects: like the Mafia! Thanks, Ben. Its time to leave the lounge, and walk to the Maisonette: a living room-type space with couches, and a gorgeous view of the Charles River and Boston skyline. One of the Maisonettes inhabitants is Daniel: a junior from New Jersey, double-majoring in Courses 5 and 18 (Chemistry and Math), and minoring in 7 (Biology). I advise you not to ask Daniel why he likes Chemistry, until youve had the chance to explore majors for yourself, since he will probably persuade you to major in it too. Instead, ask about his UROP. I work for Richard Schrock, who taught me 5.112*. He won a Nobel Prize in 2005. He was talking about his research one day, and I went up to him and asked if I could work in his lab during IAP, and he said okay sure!' *A very intense version of introductory chemistry Ive been working in his lab since IAP freshman year, and now Im publishing a paper with him in March. He also got me my job last summer (he has a collaborator in France), and I got two papers from that. So, yeah, Dick has been really helpful: I really feel like part of the lab. I give group meetings just like the grad students. Everyone in the group is in charge of making sure one thing is working at all times and Im in charge of the HPLC. HPLC? High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Its fun. I like my UROP. What exactly is he doing? I solve problems. Like, my current project has lots and lots of applications…the original instantiation of the project is I can get these commercially important compounds from seed oils instead of petroleum, and the project I just started (that we’re going to publish about soon) is about being able to separate cis and trans alkenes, which is important because there are a lot of compounds that you can only make in percents, but it would be nice if you could have them in pure mixtures. So right now my project is a way to do that…and it works really well.” You should move on from talking about his UROP, because otherwise youll be here forever. Ask him about fencing. FENCING! The best sport in the world. He adds a bit of explanation, and concludes with: also, who doesnt love swords? Fair enough. There are a zillion other things you could talk to Daniel about: his musical performance in Jekyll and Hyde, tour guiding, helping another French House-er (Julie 11) write her musical, tutoringbut you probably dont have all day. Im a big believer in getting to know a living group through getting to know the people who live there, and that idea formed the basis for this blog post. However, another way to get to know MIT dorms is through their i3 videos. Elizabeth (who you met) just finished making one for French House, and you should take a look ? Keep an eye out for 3:49, where I deliver a personal message to all prefrosh out there. Please feel free to post any questions you have about our awesome living group in the comments section! You can also e-mail me personally, or any of the people I discussed above (for example, if you want to ask Daniel or Ben about fencing, or want to ask Elizabeth about MITSO, or want to ask Davie about acting and singing and studying insects). Heres some contact information: Davie 12: [emailprotected] Elizabeth 14: [emailprotected] Ben ’12: [emailprotected] Adrienne 13: [emailprotected] Daniel 12: [emailprotected] Come visit us during CPW :) Post Tagged #French House #New House

Human Resource Information System And Human Resources...

A HRIS, which is also known as a human resource information system or human resource management system (HRMS), is basically an intersection of human resources and information technology through HR software. This allows HR activities and processes to occur electronically. To put it another way, a HRIS may be viewed as a way, through software, for businesses big and small to take care of a number of activities, including those related to human resources, accounting, management, and payroll. A HRIS allows a company to plan its HR costs more effectively, as well as to manage them and control them without needing to allocate too many resources toward them. In most situations, a HRIS will also lead to increases in efficiency when it comes to making decisions in HR. The decisions made should also increase in quality—and as a result, the productivity of both employees and managers should increase and become more effective. Solutions offered by HRIS Systems There are a number of solutions offered to a company that adopts a HRIS. Some of these include solutions in training, payroll, HR, compliance, and recruiting. The majority of quality HRIS systems include flexible designs that feature databases that are integrated with a wide range of features available. Ideally, they will also include the ability to create reports and analyse information quickly and accurately, in order to make the workforce easier to manage. Through the efficiency advantages conferred by HRIS systems, a HRShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Information System in Management of Human Resources2435 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Resources Information System in Management of Human Resources Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Case studies one 2 2.1 Description 2 2.2 Advantages 3 2.3 Challenges 4 2.4 Organizational advantage 4 3.0 Case studies two 5 3.1 Description 5 3.2 Advantages 5 3.3 Challenges 6 3.4 Organizational advantage 7 4.0 Conclusion 7 5.0 References 8 1.0 Introduction In today s corporate world information system has come to play a very criticalRead MoreHuman Resource Management Information System1731 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Number: 4494931 American Public University System Professor Emilia Butu Human Resource Management Information Systems- HRMT 415 Session D, Summer 2014 3 October 2014â€Æ' Introduction As times change so does the way organizations handle business. As organizations change practices HRM must change to remain an inaugural part of the organization. As a HR Director of a large corporation it is a must to understand Human Resource Information Systems or HRIS. With many HRIS functions such as e-recruitingRead MoreHuman Resources Information System ( Hrms ) Human Resource Management System2230 Words   |  9 Pagesas Human Resources Information System or (HRMS) Human Resource Management System, is actually a hybrid of human resources and information technology by HR software. This allows HR activities and processes to be carried out electronically. Human Resources Information System is a system that can keep track of all your employees and information to keep. It is, as a rule in a database or, more generally carried out in a series of connected databases. These include the name and contact information andRead MoreThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (Hris) in Strategic Human Resource Management (Shrm)19886 Words   |  80 PagesThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Asafo-Adjei Agyenim Boateng Master of Science Theses in Accounting Swedish School Of Economics and Business Administration 2007 HANKEN-Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration Department: Accounting Type of Work: Master of Science Thesis Author: Asafo-Adjei Agyenim Boateng Date: 4th August, 2007 Title of Thesis THE ROLE OF HRIS IN STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Abstract: InformationRead MoreCmgt 575 Week 5929 Words   |  4 Pagesasks to analyze the current human resource system to integrate the existing variety of tools in use today win a single integrated application (University of Phoenix Virtual Organizations, 2012). The current Human Resource Information System (HRIS) was installed in 1992 and was actually part of the financial systems package as part of the finance department. (University of Phoenix Virtual Organizations, 2012). Since the early 90’s, the advent and development of information technology has come to fruitionRead MoreAnalysis Of Adp As A System For Federal Mogul1088 Words   |  5 Pagesa HRIS System for Federal-Mogul Now that we have taken a look at the minimum required hardware and software of the ADP system, let’s examine ADP as a Human Resource Information System, or HRIS for short. A great HRIS system provides critical data about the human resource function of the business as well as helping to create a follow through on the business’s mission and goals. HRIS systems help to reduce organizational costs by contributing to the efficiency of the human resource management functionRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Information System1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthese we need to work as a supportive work team. Assessment 1 Human resource information system HRIS is essentially an integration of human resource and information technologies linked through specific software. It makes HR actions and process to occur through a computerised application. It has the following functions: o Retaining of staffs o Staff recruitment o HR administrations o Staff management o HR plans o Staff learning managements o Staff performance records o Staff self services o HR schedulesRead MorePlanning the Needs of Other Organizations861 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning the Needs of Other Organizations Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) are databases used for keeping track of essential personnel data within organizations. They can be designed and customized to fit the needs of various companies in many different industries (Tatum, 2011). The primary purpose of an HRIS is to make the management of employees more efficient. The HRIS System can be used to identify and track job applicants and maintain status on current employees. All stagesRead MoreCastle Family Restaurant Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Project: Stage II Name HRM340: Human Resource Information Systems INTRODUCTION Various types of HRIS systems and processes have been reviewed to help Jay Morgan and Family Castle Restaurant run more efficiently as a business. Jay Morgan the Operations Manager, have been using outdated methods for scheduling, recruiting, hiring, and answering questions from its employees. Maintaining accurate books and keeping constant communication with the Managers have been a challengeRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Information System1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthese we need to work as a supportive work team. Assessment 1 Human resource information system HRIS is essentially an integration of human resource and information technologies linked through specific software. It makes HR actions and process to occur through a computerised application. It has the following functions: o Retaining of staffs o Staff recruitment o HR administrations o Staff management o HR plans o Staff learning managements o Staff performance records o Staff self services o HR schedules

Protecting Your Personal Details On Our Website - 2286 Words

Privacy Policy Protecting your personal details on our website unbrandedtablets.com whose registered office is at 90 Sissons Road,Middleton ,West Yorkshire, Leeds Ls10 4JY, knows that you care how information about you is used and shared and we appreciate your trust in us to do that carefully and sensibly. This notice describes our privacy policy and forms part of our website terms and conditions (Website Terms). By accepting our Website Terms or by visiting www.unbrandedtablets.com (the Website) you are accepting and consenting to the practices described in this Privacy Policy. The Website is brought to you by unbrandedtablets.com Limited. unbrandedtablets.com Limited believes it is important to protect your Personal Data (as†¦show more content†¦You may change your mind at any time by emailing us at the address below. Some of the Personal Data we hold about you may be sensitive personal data within the meaning of the Data Protection Act 1998, for example, information about your gender or your date of birth. 1. Collecting Information We may collect Personal Data about you from a number of sources, including the following: 1.1. From you when you agree to take a service or product from us, in which case this may include your contact details, date of birth, how you will pay for the product or service and your bank details. 1.2. From you when you contact us with an enquiry or in response to a communication from us, in which case, this may tell us something about how you use our services. 1.3. From documents that are available to the public, such as the electoral register. 2. Using Your Personal Information 2.1. Personal Data about our customers is an important part of our business and we shall only use your Personal Data for the following purposes and shall not keep such Personal Data longer than is necessary to fulfill these purposes: 2.1.1. To help us to identify you when you contact us. 2.1.2. To help us to identify accounts, services and/or products which you could have from us or selected partners from time to time. We may do this by automatic means using a scoring system, which uses the Personal Data you have provided and/or any

The Ira Free Essays

The Irish Republican Army or IRA is Northern Ireland’s most notorious terrorist organization. Like many other groups, the IRA is a militant nationalist group with Marxist tendencies. They use violent attacks such as bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, and robberies that they used . We will write a custom essay sample on The Ira or any similar topic only for you Order Now to send their message. The ultimate goal of the IRA is to use militant behavior to make British rule in Northern Ireland obsolete, thus letting Northern Ireland become an independent republic, instead of two separate countries with different governments. The IRA was founded in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization that was founded in 1913. One of the alias’s for the group is Direct Action Against Drugs, or DADD. The IRA operates independently of any political control or party, and† in some periods actually took the upper hand in the independence movement. †(Britannica) Unlike some terrorist groups, the IRA does not carry out attacks on countries that are not in close vicinity of Northern Ireland. The majority of their operations are based out if Great Britain, and Ireland. Some of their most favored targets were senior British Government officials, British military and police in Northern Ireland, and Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary groups. By attacking these individuals they hoped to demoralize Great Britain to the point of turning Ireland over to the people. The IRA did not want to overthrow the government and run it themselves, they simply wanted to see a change in the government so that it would benefit the people of Northern Ireland. The IRA is organized into small, tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council. While they only have a few hundred members, they have thousands of sympathizers who contribute by donating money, supplies, shelter, and even weapons. â€Å"The IRA Is suspected of receiving funds, arms, and other terrorist-related materiel from sympathizers in the United States. †(Britannica) the IRA also received a large amount of support at one point from the PLO, a â€Å"freedom fighter† group from Libya. Not only do they receive aid from other terrorist groups with similar agendas, but in 2002 three suspected IRA members were arrested in Colombia on charges of assisting the FARC to improve its explosives capabilities. The IRA was in their prime during the late 1950’s and 1960’s, though they did play a big part in the Irish Civil war of 1922. As a result of this war, the IRA became more closely related to Sinn Fein, which is the Irish Nationalist party. â€Å"In December 1969, the IRA divided into â€Å"Official† and â€Å"Provisional† wings. Although both factions were committed to a united socialist Irish republic, the Officials preferred parliamentary tactics and eschewed violence after 1972, whereas the Provisionals, or â€Å"Provos,† believed that violence— particularly terrorism—was a necessary part of the struggle to rid Ireland of the British. (Global Security) This was a result of a Sinn Fein conference that had taken place in August. After 1970, the IRA was slowly slipping into the darkness, as they had stopped attacking as much, and was not as big of a concern anymore. Because of â€Å"Bloody Sunday’, when thirteen innocent Catholic protestors were killed by British soldiers, the IRA gained support from the Catholic Church, which gave them their reputation back for a while. Eventually though, they were back where they had left off before Bloody Sunday. The IRA reorganized in 1977 into detached cells to protect against infiltration† and their arms dealing was back in full force. It was said that â€Å"in the late 1990s that the IRA had enough weapons in its arsenal to continue its campaign for at least another decade. †(Britannica) For a long time the IRA tried to use peaceful methods to gain equal treatment for the Catholic minority in the Protestant Northern Ireland. But they were were met with resistance. The Protestants and the British government met the peaceful attempts of the IRA with violence i. e. Bloody Sunday. The IRA had no other choice but to employ violent methods to gain equality and civil rights for the Catholic Minority in Ulster. The IRA began implementing methods such as Bombings, sniper attacks, and assassinations on British citizens. (www. CFR. org) The afore mentioned Sinn Fein, which means â€Å"We Ourselves† first emerged in the early 1900s. It is the oldest political party in Ireland’s history. It was a â€Å"federation of nationalist clubs and eventually, all nationalists to the left of the Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster came to be popularly known as Sinn Feiners. (SinnFein. org) The party, like the IRA, was based on the demand for an Irish Republic. It won the 1918 election by a landslide and set up Dail Eireann which is translated to â€Å"Assembly of Ireland. † Following three years of war, led by an underground republican government, the party split in 1922 on the issue of the Treaty which partitioned Ireland into two separate provinces. T he leader of Sinn Fein left the party in 1926, causing the party to lose a lot of credibility. However, its fortunes recovered and flourished in the late 1950s and early 1960s with its new association to the IRA and their border campaign. During this time the group experienced a substantial amount of electoral success. In present day, Sinn Fein is split into two parties, Sinn Fein and Republican Sinn Fein. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) was formed in 1969 as the covert armed wing of Sinn Fein. The members of this group, called, â€Å"Provos† were formed from the Official Sinn Fein and the Official IRA. The Provisional IRA was the largest of the three republican armed resistance groups (Sinn Fein, IRA and PIRA). The policies of Sinn Fein under the new leadership of Gerry Adams led to a split in the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1997. One side accepted the new â€Å"Good Friday Agreement† and the New or Real IRA continuing armed resistance against the British. The PIRA has at this point accepted the ceasefire and is still most commonly confused with the real IRA because of their similar connections and name. The IRA and PIRA are not totally different groups, but they are actually two groups that used to function as one. It is my opinion that the split of the IRA into two factions is one of the major reasons why their goal was never accomplished. The army was in need of a way to make money and fundraise to support their cause. They became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through â€Å"extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities† and they policed their own neighborhoods through mock trials and beatings. As a result of this Mafia like enforcement, Sinn Fein began to play a more prominent role in trying to end the arms problem that the IRA was causing. â€Å"Sinn Fein leaders Gerry Adams and Martin McGuiness, together with John Hume, head of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), sought ways to end the armed struggle and bring republicans into democratic politics. They were successful in doing so, and in 1994 the IRA declared a cease fire with Britain so that Sinn Fein was able to legally engage in politics with the Irish Parliament. This ceasefire was shortly ended in 1996 when a bomb that was suspected to be from the IRA killed two civilians. However it was reinstated the following year, returning things back to being civilized between the IRA and Great Britain. Technically the IRA is still a functioning terrorist group, but due to the ceasefire they have been dormant since around 2002 when the final ceasefire was laid out and agreed upon. The IRA has a very important place in Irish history, as well as the history of terrorism because of their prominence in the 1950’s and 1960’s. How to cite The Ira, Papers

Employability and Enterprise Skills Tesco

Questions: 1. Take responsibility for own personal and professional development?2. Demonstrate interpersonal and transferable skills?3. Dynamics of working with others?4. Develop strategies for problem solving? Answers: Introduction As an IT professional in the organization i.e. Tesco, the identification of personal and professional development will be discussed in this section. Personal development helps to lead to success in the strategic direction and it needs the stage of implementation with formulation. Strategic direction helps to define the strategy and it makes the decisions with respect to allocation of resources and capital and people. Strategic planning considers the determination of process in the organization and it determines the result as a strategic plan. 1. Take responsibility for own personal and professional development 1.1. Reflect own current skills and competencies against professional standards and organizational objectives Professional skills include talent to improve the areas of opportunities, deal with the ideas and performance, presentation and written skills as well as other detailed formats. Effective skills include multitasking, numerous tasks at proper skills, setting of goals and priorities with respect to proper time and actions etc. Networking inside the work place, training and mentoring, functioning with different people is important for full dedication and support. In this challenging life, the improvements on IT skills are important to value the performance. Technical skills and knowledge are necessary for this career and is possessed by the researcher. Thus, communication, working skills, communication and IT skills, time management skills exists among the researcher. (Cassidy, 2006) 1.2. Evaluate the development plan The skill that has been mentioned in the task 1 was communication and technical skills as well as time management skills that need to be continued. When the IT consultant joined Tesco, it was very difficult for him to manage the time and communication properly. He uses to focus on designing proper channels for best IT tools and communication tools. There is a requirement of valuable goal and effective time management and task management. Thus, it is need to improve the success and better career. There is a need to achieve the goals properly and motivation is required to deal with the tasks properly. Thus, the evaluation on skills and attributes are essential and required to improve in the organization. (Advanced leadership. 2010) To meet the objectives, there is a need of proper planning and communication skills to improve the goals successfully. This way, the performance could be improved and learning and support is essential. It can address all the aspects to inspire people and move their goals toward success. This way, productivity and success will be generated with respect to the support and improvement. This way, it will help to meet with huge benefits and it will help to deal with the communication and techniques properly. (Marie, Browaeys Roger, 2009) 1.3. Devise a personal and professional development plan To devise the personal and professional development plan, Tesco looks for skills development to meet the strategic goals and activities to meet the compliance and deal with the industry regulations. The major cost of understanding is the time that an IT consultant is not getting in their jobs. The solution is to deal with the minimization of time spent in training and focus on people to meet the goals and objectives of the business successfully. To develop the competency, there is a need of assurance to deal with the training and associating the goals of the business. Thus, the skills and competency helps the organization to meet the effectiveness of training and learning with proper skills management. Thus, there are major techniques to meet the goals and to deal with the issues properly. The IT consultant can use the tools and techniques to meet the goals and to create the effective techniques. (Doppler Lauterburg, 2008) 1.4. Reflect aims and objectives in the personal and professional development plan To deal with the objectives in the development plan of personal and professional objectives, the increase of goals setting can be done with: Specific goals: The goal should be specific with respect to the expectations and formation of clarity and there should have evident success path. The goals create high awareness and knowledge of needs to meet them. Measurable goals: The measurable goals should identify the brief that there is a requirement of 10 tasks to be completed by an IT consultant in a week and this should create flexibility to meet the goals. Attainable goals: The goals can develop the necessary skills to meet and it contains ability, thoughts and emotions that can help to meet the potential. Realistic goals: This is important as it is reachable and realistic where an IT consultant has chance to deal with the information and sources. Tangible goals: With respect to tangible forms of goals, the goals will develop tangibility. (Lewis, 2015) Thus, personal development plan has been the major importance for an organization. It has been intensive with respect to the development of effects. This generates quality and cooperation among employees and management; it also helps to allow the creative solutions in the work place. 2. Demonstrate interpersonal and transferable skills 2.1. Communicate in a variety of styles The business of Tesco is really competitive with full of innovation. The organization should plan to convey the strategies to its employees. An effective communication system is the foundation of the organization and it is of a vital importance in the organization that manages the change and system in the organization. Communication helps to transfer the information from one person to another and it deals with verbal or non-verbal communication. Managerial communication includes information from inside and outside the organization and it requires the business world. It is evident that managerial communication is important for the organizational function and it is a basic part of everyday life. (Robbins, 2008) Organizational communication is effective with the influence of organizational structures in communication. Internal communication style could be effective via different sources such as memos, electronic sources and publications etc. External communication includes communication that transfers the information via different mediums like newspapers, television or magazines. Internal communication includes open and honest feedback with clear and easy understanding of approaches, timely submissions, reliable resources, two way process of communication etc. (Cassidy, 2006) The teams in the work place are comprised of different departments and specialization with respect to different languages from different nations. Communication is a complex process to meet the targets on time. Thus, for an effective communication, there is a need to develop trust and focus on open communication. Employees should remain honest and focus on positivity. (Smith, 2008) 2.2. Effective time management strategies Time management is all about time controlling. Everybody has to manage the time for some or other tasks in the organization for achieving the goals. Time management is strongly linked with self-management and it helps to achieve more things at one time. To reduce the non-productive works, there is a need of effective time management. Thus, there is a need to set the goals and priorities with time effectively. This way, it will deal with the priorities and focus on clear ideas and objectives. (Dawn, 2006) Time management is a tool and skill to increase the time and to accomplish the goals. Time management is the focus to deal with the actions and durations. This can develop with time. It is important in the day to day activities and focused on long term goals with respect to skills. Time management will deal with learning and retention. It is important to deal with the effective skills and activities. Effective time management helps to set the goals and deals with respect to effectiveness and efficiency. This is important to deal with the list making and action planning. This will focus on action plans. (Kent.ac.uk, 2015) 3. Dynamics of working with others 3.1. Discuss and analyse different roles people play in a team and how they manage to work together to achieve shared goals. In the above section the assignment report has discussed about scenario, issues and challenges that organization Tesco is facing due to inappropriate, inefficient and ineffective structure of business information system. The major issues and challenges that rising in Tesco related to overall communication processes. In Retail organization to design, develop and execute strong supply chain processes can possible through effective and efficient communication and information system. The major activities that represent overall success of business model associate with efficient purchase processes of goods in quantity and sell those goods to consumer in efficient manner. The main goals behind all activities, practices and processes associate with design, develop, implement and execute strong, effective and efficient information network within organization to achieve maximum profit that further drive organizational growth. Here, the assignment discussed some scenario within retail organizat ion. (Merchant, 2015) With respect to this scenario based situation and in normal cases the team plays multiple roles and responsibilities to manage works and achieve common goals within organization which are as following: Problem Solver: Some people plays role of problem solver who always actively participate and select by management at the time of hazard and critical situation based on their past contribution, experiences, skills and capabilities. Executor role: In this area team member execute all the required changes and processes within team as when required as these people have good bonding and understanding with other team members which enable to execution of any new change and sort of activities within team. Finisher role: This role reflects capability of team member who contribute in area of completion of work on time as per requirement and use their perfectionist approach to meet all work on time with quality. Coordinator: As coordinator people work together and ask for participation from each team to complete one particular activity in effective and efficient manner. Coordinator behaves like mediators among all team members and management to execute work in successful manner. Team contributor: This role required participation of each team member to be united and perform tasks that allocated to them to achieve one common goals and objectives. Researchers: This is important role who investigate and identify as much as new scope of opportunities and improvement areas to enhance overall effectiveness, efficiencies and productivity of team and organization. Analyst: As analyst the expectation of management more than other team members. Being analyst people reflect experiences, knowledge, skills and expertise in domain area and always ask for expertise support in terms of plan, organize and execute work within team. (Dlsweb.rmit.edu.au, 2015) Similar to above there are multiple roles play by people within team to achieve goals. 3.2. Discuss alternative techniques to manage team work and achieve team goals. With respect to above discussed scenario in retail organization Tesco that focused on challenge in overall communication processes and in normal scenario within organization there are multiple tools and techniques has been identified that can be implement to manage team work and achieve team goals. These tools and techniques are as followings: Design, Develop and communicate clear, accurate, relevant and realistic goals: Goals should be design in such way that involves all essential attributes means easy to understand, complete, clear, accurate and realistic approachable. The rationale behind this is to team need to have complete visibility on same so they will follow all activities and perform accordingly that associate with this in effective and efficient manner. Team Planning: This phase related with identified and communicated goals. It involves categorization of work in different parts to perform by groups in effective and efficient manner to achieve goals, define timeline for each task, define expected outcomes from each task, allocation of roles and responsibilities of each task and communicate processes within task. Set Standardization and negotiation techniques: Under this technique cover deviation parameters with respect to each task in terms of perform as per outcomes and actual. These techniques provide information what is best possible alternative option along with deviation range if team not meet the targets. Monitoring: These techniques present and reflect set of information in terms of continuous measuring processes and keep control among expected and actual performance by the team. Through monitoring management enhance the overall production of work by continuously observe activities and tasks perform by team. ( Similar to above multiple other tools and techniques has been defined to manage team work and achieve goals. Another technique is: Inputs involve planning, defining and designing of goals, set standardization and other essential works. Process that involves communicates all the essential information to respective counterparts and asks to perform accordingly. Output which reflect the expected and actual that achieve by team Feedback: It involves comparative analysis that reflects deviation between expected and actual achievements. (Au.af.mil, 2015) 4. Develop strategies for problem solving 4.1. Review tools and methods for developing solutions to problems There are tools and methods for developing the solutions to problems such as: Hard work and dedication With respect to the research, hard work and dedication are the major traits for problem solving. The people can deal with success with proper understanding of goals and IT consultant can work hard with the resolution on problems. Stress management This is very crucial method of problem solving because stress is not good for human beings and it is a nervous system for the human stimulus. Stress occurs with deadlines, fear factors and other approaches of anxiety. (Igor, 1987) Time management The time management is an important skill to manage and everyone fails to manage the time in their professional life. It cannot change the schedule of learning and it is useful for the organization. There is a need of tasks prioritization for success and performance. Techniques to assess the professional skills are vital and it should deal with mentoring, coaching and leadership. Mentoring will involve in goals achievement and a good mentor will be a communicator, a supporter and trustworthy. With coaching tools, the aims or goals would be attained effectively and leadership skills will help to resolve the problems with the discovery of new leadership skills. The issues are difficult to solve and the basic part of problem solving deals with the solutions effectively with leadership techniques. (Fred, 2006) 4.2. Appropriate strategy for problem solving There are few strategies to meet the problem solving skills and abilities such as: Communication skills: Strong communication skills are important to resolve the problems and a leader knows the importance of written and verbal skills. It helps to understand the importance for greater sense of skills and it leads to higher authority to deal with the issues. Decision making: The strong decision making focus on abilities and skills with respect to decision were making power that is not sufficient. There is a need to understand the ethical dilemma as it generates strong judgment and skills. This would develop the right decisions and development. (Khanna, et.al, 2005) Leadership skills: It is very important to deal with the organization and it has the ability and skills and it is very important in large organization. It motivates to deal with the common goals and the leader should deal with the rights and abilities to meet the common goals. There is a need of autocratic and democratic styles of leadership with respect to proper meaning to the organization. Professional skills are important when compared with the personal skills and it deals with coaching, leadership and other theories of management and leadership etc. This skill is vital to deal with the advanced professional advancements and technologies. (Doppler, 2008) 4.3. Evaluation of the potential impact on the business of implementing the strategy There are different approaches that affect the implementation of the strategy and it can be dealt into soft, hard and combined approaches. Soft approaches include people and the level of communication with respect to implementation tactics. The commitment includes the organizational structure and the systems of administration. Strong execution cannot deal with the shortcomings and it influences the process of strategic formulation. This helps to promote the successful implementation and it implements the influence of strong integration. The discipline of organizational strategy includes strategy implementation with respect to communication and strategy. (Simons, 1995) Decision making style of managers focuses on the approach with respect to resolution and it adopts the rational method and non-rational method. Strategic decision makings and managers are not separated. With respect to the implementation of the plan, the huge investments are required for the staff members for the operations. Strict control and marketing helps to deal with the quick decision and the implementation of program that could ignore losses. The proposed plan should be considered successfully and its implementation. (Deal, 1983) The implementation of strategic plan has proposed in the assignment to offer its services with respect to the important facilities and innovations etc. It develops strategies to deal with the business to focus on implementation. The leadership and innovation is the major growth that focused on the agenda of the team and it implement the ways of protecting the right talent. Innovation may encourage the professionals to deal with the active management and it will be accountable for dealing with innovation to develop the big difference. With active involvement of encouragement, the employees should be supported with important steps for innovation. (www.hbr.org, 1998) Conclusion In conclusion, here is an importance of performance with respect to decision making and involvement with strategies. Successful strategies formulation does not guarantee the implementation and they are change actually. It is broadly categorized into the agreed goals and objectives. It could be important for successful strategic implementation. To shape the innovation and it is an art and science. The team or network focus on major ideas that generates the gap. Thus, the innovation leads to work force and it believes in right kind of culture. It increases the prospects for successful and innovation. Managers and employees deal with the attitudes and values and behavior that promote innovation. (Barsh, et.al, 2008) References Advanced Leadership Group [online] last access at: 25.01.2010 : https://www.adv-leadership-grp.com/Peak_Perf_Questionnaire.html Barsh, et.al. (2008). Leadership and innovation: Insights and publications. McKinsey Quarterly. Cassidy, S. (2006). Learning style and student self-assessment skill. Education and Training, 48, 170-177 Dale McConkey, Planning in a Changing Environment, Business Horizons, September - October 1988; 66. Fundamentals of management, Stephen P. Robbins, 2008. Harris Dawn, Constance E. Helfat and Paul J Wolfson - the pipeline to the top, the Academy of Management Perspectives 20, No: 4 (2006); 42. 38 Igor Ansoff, Strategic Management of Technology, Journal of Business Strategy 7, no: 3 (Winter 1987); 38. Implementing Strategies: Management Operations Issue, Fred R. David, South Carolina University, 2006 Prentice Hall Edition, 245 - 261. Jack Duncan, Management (New York Random House, 1983): 381-390. James C Wimbush, Spotlight on Human Resources Management, Business Horizon 49, No: 6 (Nov-Dec 2006); 433 Kent.ac.uk. 2015. How to manage your time effectively: Why use time management skills. Khanna, et.al. 2005. Strategies that fit emerging markets: Harvard business review. Managing corporate change, K. Doppler, Ch. Lauterburg, 2008. Organizational Community: the essence of effective management, Philip V. Lewis. 2015. Marie-Joelle Browaeys Roger Price (2009), Understanding Cross-cultural Management, 1st Edition Peter Senge on Learning Organizations in the American Management Journal, (Senge 1990: 340) Richard Brown, Outsider CEO: Inspiring changes with force and grace, USA Today (July 19, 1999): 3B. Robert Waterman Jr. How the better get best?, Business Week (September 14th 1987): 104-105. 90. Ghoshal C.A. Bartlett, Changing the role of management - beyond structure to processes, HBR 73, 1(1995); 88 - 90. Robert Simons, Control in the Age of Empowerment, Harvard Business Review (March-April 1995); 80. Readings from Strategic Management by Charles W.L. Hill Gareth R. Jones, 4th Reprinted 2000 Millennium Edition. Effective internal communication, Lyn Smith, 2008. Translating strategies into action, course notes on published by HBS - Feb 1990. 504. Deal A. Kennedy, Culture: A new look through the old lenses, Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences 19, no:4 (1983), 498 - 504. www.hbr.org - How important is personal goal alignment in Strategic Objectives, article by Thomas Strickland in 1998 - (White Papers Category).

Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing Essay Example

Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing Essay Developments in the consumer markets have impacted on food retailing whether it is regarding the changes in technology or changes in customer expectations or environmental issues. These changes can affect many different food retailing operations such as; superstores, limited range, discount food stores, petrol stations, home essential stores, city stores, mail order, online stores, farmer’s markets, home delivery. Radical Radical changes are largely to do with technology and how it’s evolved over time and the impact it has had upon food retailing. Radical changes have affected superstores in terms of the 4 large super markets, which are Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s. The food retailers have adapted to meet developments by installing self-scan checkouts to reduce queues in stores, this new type of technology that supermarkets have invested in to keep their customers happy, by reducing the time standing in queues. They also have websites where their customers can view the products and services they require to make it easier for their customers and more convenient. Also stock management to ensure supermarkets do not run out of the goods consumers want because % of customer like stores that have products that are in stock. Limited range retailers such as Aldi and Lidl have also been influenced. This is because there are a number of people that use technology. Aldi have produced a website where potential customers can visit in order to see what is available in store and whether the products they require are available for them to purchase. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lidl have also produced a website for their customers to view products which are sold at the stores along with other information about where their produce originates from. They do this in order to make it easier for their customers and to adapt to the changes in the developments in consumer market. Unfortunately they do not have self-scan services or in terms of their technology as they are limited range retailers and only have a limited range of products that customers may require regularly, for example, products such as milk, bread, water etc. Customer markets have also influenced on petrol stations due to technology; it has become more advanced and within the 21st Century things can be purchased from consumer’s mobile phones, computer, tablet etc. Therefore petrol stations have now installed tills which are computerized in which the petrol owner can quickly swipe all food products within seconds instead of having to put in the price in of all the products by pressing numbers. The products are all loaded into a system so the products just need to be swiped, which reduces time for people in queues as it takes less time than typing the prices in on the old tills. Top up/ home essential stores are also influenced by customer market. Because technology have become advanced which means that people are able to find cheap broadband for their technological items, which makes it more simple as they can receive their product in store. It has also impacted on food city stores. Customer market has also influenced mail order as they have allowed customers to order online and get the mail posted to their house. People use mail order to get goods, specialist goods as well as ordering from food specialist such as organic foods, and small producers who are direct to consumers. There has been a massive impact on online stores as People in the UK are now often purchasing product online because every has internet access, people are easily accessible to technology. People are busy at work so they do not have the time to go shopping therefore shopping from online stores is convenient and easier for them, as they can have it delivered to wherever they require online store. They have adapted to this by producing an on-going service where employees at the warehouse fill individual trolleys for each order that needs to be sent out the correct person. Specialist farm producers have been influenced by taking away their business what they got from their city people who used to visit for the fresh produce, therefore have introduced an online ordering service where people can order what they like and pick up after or get their items delivered far, a price the farmers have to travel far into city in order to deliver. Home delivery has also been impacted. This is because many people are working and are really busy to do their shopping so by ordering over the technological devices makes it easier for them to just order over the phone, for it to be delivered at their doorstep. This indicates that thwy had to improve their service with the number of people increasing the usage of technology. Continuing changes are about the changes that are continually happening this can be influenced by fashions, trends and awareness. Customer expectations and demand Customer expectations and demand must be met if a business will want their customers to return and purchase from their business again. They must guarantee their demands and expectations are met in order to gain customer loyalty and enhance relationship with their consumers. Superstores have been impacted because they introduced 24 hour opening for the convenience of customers. This is because as superstores are very big, customers expect that they have every single item of products as they are the biggest buildings where all food products can be found, meaning that businesses must keep to customers’ expectations and respond to their every appropriate demands. This indicates that business with superstores must guarantee they have all the stock within the superstore to be purchased by customers. Limited range and discount food retailers have also been influenced positively, as there has been a demand in the increase of these stores for the reason of the recession. Home essential stores have also been influenced because they are known as convenient stores/top up stores. Meaning, once a person has purchased products from that store they will want the same quality of products again, if customers’ demands enhances then they must achieve this by purchasing more from suppliers. They must also keep to customers’ expectations of service as well as availability. This indicates that having these have increased because customers want convenience. Mail order has also been impacted. This is because customers are ordering food mail, the food retailer must ensure that the package if delivered in its correct form which no product damaged on the way, as customers’ expectations will be increased, since they are getting their order delivered, this means if the package is delivered in the correct state it will increase demand in future and ensure that the customers’ expectations are in the mind. There are lots of specialist’s food available, which is direct online from the producer which includes farm goods, fishing goods, ready-made meals and organic veg etc. Online stores have also been impacted. This is because it is harder for them to persuade people to use their service as they are an online store where people have to order online instead of visiting a store. This means that the online store ensure that the packages are delivered in the correct form in order to respect customer’s expectations and please them as well as increase demand for future. This also links to superstores as Morrison’s now offer online shopping for the first time due to customer expectations/ demand. Customer expectations and demand have influenced farmers markets. More towns and councils offer farmers market on a regular basis due to demand from local communities. home delivery has also been influnced by customer market this is because like online store people shop from home and so therefore expect that their shopping arrives in a perfect condition. Meaning that home delivery food services deliver the food products in a perfect form in order to please their customers and work up to their expectations, as well as increase demand for service in future. This also links to online delivery via supermarkets. Changing Social and working patterns. In the 21st Century there is now a variety of different food ranges depending on how different people live their lives. Also some stores now remain open for 24 hours to work around every ones hours. This has impacted on superstores. This is because people have different tastes and lifestyles, some live fast food where other are health conscious. This means that big superstores must keep a variety of food to match all. Superstores ensure this now by putting on the amount of calories on each product they sell for those who are health conscious to limit how much they eat according to their lifestyle. Also working patterns have affected super stores. Superstores have adapted to this by opening 24 hours for those who either work days so can do their shopping at night or those who work nights can do day shopping so it can fit around everyone’s schedule. Changing social and working patterns have influenced discount food stores have expanded because of those who have a low incomes end after the recession to help them get the same quality of food but at an affordable price. They do this by providing discounted affordable food with quality to those who cannot afford high prices of superstores. Their working pattern does not consist of 24 hours as they may be independent opened stores. Petrol stations have been influenced because many have expanded upon the range of products they sell. They have also introduced coffee machines and partnerships with Subways, Spar shops etc. The change in working pattern for this is that petrol stations have adapted to stay open 24 hours as at the middle of the night some may require food and drink as well as fuel so having small stores open within the petrol stations is cheaper to run as they hold the same variety of products in a normal superstore and more convenient if it’s a popular petrol station. Home essential stores have also been influenced. This is because people have different lifestyles and ways of living so they ensure they have every different type of product. This can be dependent on region for example in Bradford a lot of home essential stores sell spices to use in Asian food. Mail order has also been impacted. This is because busy people may order their food via mail making it easier for them to collect as they may require a special type of food products. Customers can also order 24 hours a day. This also means it means to purchase specialist food products. Consumers use online methods as they want better quality goods. This has also impacted on online stores. This is because online store have been introduced to help those with a busy lifestyles. They adapted to this by allowing the customers to order online and the either picking it up or delivering. They hold a variety of foods depending on a person’s taste or lifestyles. Their working pattern however is not 24 hours therefore the deliveries are made through the day but the order can be made any time. If at night the delivery is made then it will be ready the next day. Farmers markets have also been impacted by changing Social and working patterns, this is because some people like freshly grown produce and therefore go to the farmers markets. This means farmers ensure that the produce is fresh from the day before for the customers to purchase. Because of this more towns and cities are organising famers markets. Home deliveries have also been influence by Changing Social and working patterns, this is because of people with busy lifestyles. Supermarkets have adapted to home delivery for those with busy lifestyles. They have adapted to do home delivery for those with busy life styles and other reasons. However their working patterns are not 24 hours. As such services often allow the customer to have food products delivered on a particular day at a particular time. Affluence Affluence is how much money a person earns in a household. This is central to the food industry because the higher the persons income they higher quality they will purchase and vice versa. People can have high levels of affluence and low levels of affluence. Depending on the income people get in their household, can influence the food industry in terms of them providing their customers with products that they are able to afford for those who have a low income. However people who have high affluence are people who have a high income of money within the household. Meaning those people with higher incomes will purchase products that have a better quality in terms of ingredients. There will be those who will pay the price of premium good such as luxury cuts of meat, expensive cheese, and expensive fish such as caviar. Also those who have a higher affluence are those who will want more organic goods than those of less affluence. This is because they are more health conscious and know more about organics goods and how they are doing well by consuming them. Also those who have specialist diets will be those from the high affluence category where they are purchasing the high end quality products which are included in their diet and will look for products which have low calories and less chemicals in order to help their specialist diet to progress. This means that business must ensure that the goods must be available in order to provide the goods that people will higher affluence require. Those who are less affluent have impacted the food industry in terms of the increase in food discount stores and the economy ranges. Therefore this has impacted the food industry to increase stores that store low price food for those who have a less household income in order for them to get the same helpful service as those with affluence. Increased Mobility Increased mobility has made a massive development. This is because there are a number of ways people can get to a store without walking. This can be done by getting the bus, taxi, tram, car, train etc. Increased mobility is about increase in people being able to move around via cars that many have purchase as there has been an increase in people being able to move around. The overall influence it has on the food retailers is that they have had to adjust by increasing car parking space in order for their customers to park their car in the safe car park whilst they go shopping. This means that the more people who are purchasing cars and using cars means that the food retailers must find a place where they can park the cars this means either the businesses investing in a plot of land that’s available next to their stores or either when buying land look for a place that has the potential to become a car parking space. This means that businesses must allow the access for cars to come due to the increase in people with cars because customers will not come to a business where there is not facility for cars, therefore a business must have access for cars if they want their business to work and attract more customers. As there has been an increase in people using cars it means food retailers have not only had to provide more parking for them but an easy in and out access so cars are not stopping the entrance. This also has meant for them to introduce drop off and pick up bays for those who travel by taxi cars. Therefore food retailers have been impacted by increased mobility a lot as they have had to increase their service in many different areas to do with car mobility. Environmental Issues Environmental issues consist of waste and carbon emission. Environmental issues have influenced superstore. This is because they are big and produce more waste and as their deliveries are quite regular to the store, this means their carbon emission is high if little orders are placed and a big truck delivers it. Therefore superstores have adapted to reducing waste by only using the amount of packaging they require and recycling those that are not useful to use again and reducing their carbon emissions by switching off unnecessary lights at the end of the day and by making a delivery all in one to save Tesco’s depot coming backwards and forwards with small delivered in a big truck. Limited range retailers been influenced by environmental as this is exactly like superstores however less of the waste as they are a smaller limited retailer, however their carbon emission is high as they are transporting good from Europe to England as this will burn a lot of fuel. Discount food stores have been impacted in terms of waste when food goes off due to short shelf life and an overload of stock leading to waste. This means that the have adapted to just buying the correct amount of short shelf life stock in order to reduce their percentage of waste. Petrol stations have been impacted in terms of plastic waste and carbon emissions. They have adapted to reducing the amount of unnecessary time fuel is refilled ad are recycling plastic instead of burning it with coal and creating carbon dioxide. Home essential stores have been influenced in terms of topping up too much stock and having to throw it away due to the slow sales at time. They have adapted to reducing waste by keeping things that are more commonly demanded for everyday use. Environmental issues have influenced city stores. This is due to the wastage they gather in terms of packaging as well as food which doesn’t sell especially those with short life. Although they may be busy they will still have some waste so they have adapted this by only getting a certain amount of stock in order to reduce waste per week. Mail order has also been impacted. This is due to carbon emissions. Therefore they have adapted this development by having the parcels sent to the owner by region/ city so the vehicles don’t have to travel far and won’t produce a lot of carbon emission. Online stores have also been impacted. This is due to them delivering the package which makes carbon emissions along with packaging waste. Therefor they have adapted their thinking in delivering just like mail order from the closest city or region. Farmers markets have been influenced such as the carbon emission from the machinery. In order to adapt to avoiding carbon emissions they have started to hand pick veg and fruit which do not require machinery to avoid producing Co2 as they do that when travelling to markets to sell. Home delivery has been impacted in the obvious state of producing carbon emissions. Therefore they have adapted to use small vans instead of big trucks to reduce carbon emissions but also sending the orders out from local stores so fuel isn’t used up quickly and carbon emissions are lowered. In conclusion, developments in consumer markets have impacted on food retailing whether it is a big development or small, they are influence. Many retailers have had to change plans in the way they transport goods and well as how they would meet customer expectations and adapt to changing society. This all has to be done to match everyone’s taste in order to make customers happy. Also they must always be aware of such developments if food retailers are to give the customer what they want and remain successful.

Free Essays on The Souls Of Black Folk

Booker T. Washington was the first African American whose likeness appeared on a United States postage stamp. Washington also was thus honored a quarter century after his death. In 1946 he also became the first black with his image on a coin, a 50-cent piece. The Tuskegee Institute, which Washington started at the age of 25, was the where the 10-cent stamps first were available. The educator's monument on its campus shows him lifting a symbolic veil from the head of a freed slave. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born a slave on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Va. His mother, Jane Burroughs, was a plantation cook. His father was an unknown white man. As a child, Booker swept yards and brought water to slaves working in the fields. Freed after the American Civil War, he went with his mother to Malden, W. Va., to join Washington Ferguson, whom she had married during the war. At about age 16 Booker set out for Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which had been established by the chief of the Freedmen's Bureau to educate former slaves. He walked much of the way, working to earn the fare to complete the long, dusty journey to Virginia. For his admission test he repeatedly swept and dusted a classroom, and he was able to earn his board by working as a janitor. After graduation three years later he taught in Malden and at Hampton. A former slave who had become a successful farmer, and a white politician in search of the Negro vote in Macon County obtained financial support for a training school for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. When the board of commissioners asked the head of Hampton to send a principal for their new school, they had expected the principal to be white. Instead Washington arrived in June 1881. He began classes in July with 30 students in a shanty donated by a black church. Later he borrowed money to buy an abandoned plantation nearby and moved the school there. By the time of his death in Tuskegee in 1915 the instit... Free Essays on The Souls Of Black Folk Free Essays on The Souls Of Black Folk Booker T. Washington was the first African American whose likeness appeared on a United States postage stamp. Washington also was thus honored a quarter century after his death. In 1946 he also became the first black with his image on a coin, a 50-cent piece. The Tuskegee Institute, which Washington started at the age of 25, was the where the 10-cent stamps first were available. The educator's monument on its campus shows him lifting a symbolic veil from the head of a freed slave. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born a slave on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Va. His mother, Jane Burroughs, was a plantation cook. His father was an unknown white man. As a child, Booker swept yards and brought water to slaves working in the fields. Freed after the American Civil War, he went with his mother to Malden, W. Va., to join Washington Ferguson, whom she had married during the war. At about age 16 Booker set out for Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which had been established by the chief of the Freedmen's Bureau to educate former slaves. He walked much of the way, working to earn the fare to complete the long, dusty journey to Virginia. For his admission test he repeatedly swept and dusted a classroom, and he was able to earn his board by working as a janitor. After graduation three years later he taught in Malden and at Hampton. A former slave who had become a successful farmer, and a white politician in search of the Negro vote in Macon County obtained financial support for a training school for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. When the board of commissioners asked the head of Hampton to send a principal for their new school, they had expected the principal to be white. Instead Washington arrived in June 1881. He began classes in July with 30 students in a shanty donated by a black church. Later he borrowed money to buy an abandoned plantation nearby and moved the school there. By the time of his death in Tuskegee in 1915 the instit...

Organisational Behaviour Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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A Report On Observation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Report On Observation - Assignment Example Introduction I spent about 10 hours observing at the SAY San Diego After School Program at Hearst Elementary in San Diego, CA. The children ranged from Kindergarten to 5th grade, which is approximately three to eleven years of age, and numbered up to 90, depending on the day. The program utilized the auditorium, cafeteria, outside eating area, and the playground of an older school. Snacks were served on each school day, and the children ate lunch together on one day (minimum day for the school). Each day also had between 45 and 90 minutes of play, some guided, some free time. Discussion The day care program highly observed hygiene measures. Teachers and students were expected to wash their hands after playing outdoors, before eating (and serving the food), and after using the restroom (Marotz, Cross, & Rush, 2011). Teachers are not allowed to enter the restrooms, unless there is an emergency, so they could only examine the cleanliness of children’s hands after they exited the restroom, but all children were examined to make sure the hands were clean looking. Any child who did not have clean hands was sent back in to wash with soap and water. It was hard to gauge the number of children who followed the correct procedure as many of the children are out of sight from the staff when washing their hands. Though when they washed their hands in the activity room, the result was about 65% followed the correct procedure. The general faults made were in making sure the backs of the hands got soaped up and in rinsing off the soap completely. This is because most of the children washed their hands in haste. When the children were being observed in this room, they were reminded of the correct way of washing their hands by observing their teachers of who always used the correct procedure (Marotz, Cross, & Rush, 2011). The school does not have access to warm water as all the taps are of cold water. The program cannot fix this fault. There were no children in diapers as most of the young children were old enough to use the restroom under the supervision of their teachers. The program and facility do a fantastic job on attempting to prevent infections. The school has two full-time custodians, who clean the areas inside and around the program. The workers cleaned all the surfaces that the children worked, played, and ate on. This they always did before the program opened. They did the same after they are used by the children. Each teacher also carries a first aid pack with him or her at all times. I only saw one child who needed a Band-Aid. Because of the rules and regulations handed down to the program by its parent non-profit committee and the school district that owns the facility, teachers are only allowed to put a Band-Aid on a child. They cannot help clean any wound, and they cannot put any medication on the area if it is not prescribed by a physician (Marotz, Cross, & Rush, 2011). I believe this could be fixed if the program could afford a nu rse on duty at all times, but unless the parents of the children decided to pay for it, that will not happen. The youngest children are kindergarteners, and all students in the program are expected to be potty trained. Teachers are always with children at the bathrooms, but they never go in with the children. I saw no safety issues that were out of the ordinary for the children during school time. They played on an asphalt playground that had dirt and sand that had blown on to it, so there was a slipping

Tourism And Regional Development In Romania Tourism Essay

Tourism And Regional Development In Romania Tourism Essay 1. Introduction Considering its largely acknowledged economic and social effects, tourism represents a sector of great interest to many countries development strategies (Zanina, 2011), (Egan 2003). The positive impact of tourism development is usually addressed in connection with the balance of payments, regional development, diversification of the economy, income levels, state revenue, employment opportunities (Pearce, 1991). The tourist life cycle, the local tourist strategies and policies, the use of information and communication technologies in promotion campaigns, etc. have an important influence in this context (Quian, 2010), (Hu, 1996). As far as regional development is concerned, tourism is seen as a driver able to turn to good account the less developed regions potential and, thus, to contribute to a more balanced distribution of economic activities over time and space as well as to the co-ordination of various policies in an inter-sectorial perspective (Nijkamp, 1999), (Constantin and Mitrut, 2008). It can also bring about encouraging responses to the question of regional competitiveness, based on the positive influence on regional employment and income. As a result of the indirect and induced effects, tourism generates jobs not only in its own sector, but also in connected sectors such as financial services, retailing, telecommunications, etc. However, the regional multipliers record significant variations, depending on the characteristics of each region, locality, project, etc. so that careful analyses are recommended in order to promote those projects able to generate the most important benefits to the region. Highly beneficial are the coastal, mountainous, urban and historic regions as well as those with exquisite natural resources. On the other hand, regions with different profile such as rural regions promoting green tourism, leisure and nature activities, the remote ones or undergoing industrial restructuring can also benefit from tourism growth (OECD, 1999) A focus on the factors that influence tourism development is also required in this respect, considering that, depending on the regional profile in terms of tourist attractions and economic situation, they might have a different significance within the corresponding strategies (Aghdaie and Momeni, 2011; Fletcher and Cooper, 1996). Thus, Crutch and Ritchie (2005) quoted by Koufodontis et al. (2007) place a special emphasis on the physical, economic and social factors embedded in the so-called regions image. Among them, the supporting factors and resources such as infrastructure, accessibility, facilitating resources (human, knowledge and financial capital), hospitality, and factors political will seem to play a special role. Only infrastructure alone, to mention one of them, is a multifaceted factor, with manifold implications. It is considered a component of the regional tourist product, comprising basic devices, buildings and service institutions of a major importance for economy and society. The main defining elements relating to a certain destination refer to accommodation facilities, gastronomy facilities, transport to destination, services for active leisure (e.g. ski resorts, sailing schools, golf clubs, etc.), retail network, other services (e.g. information, equipment rental companies, etc.) (Panasiuk, 2007). From a broader perspective, the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report prepared by the World Economic Forum (2011) has developed a complex, overall competitiveness index made of three main subindexes, namely regulatory framework, business environment and infrastructure and human, cultural and natural resources. Again, if reference is made to the business environment and infrastructure component, the corresponding subindex takes into consideration the following pillars: air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, tourism infrastructure, information and communication technical infrastructure, price competitiveness in travel and tourism industry. Consequently, the regional policy measures meant to improve the frame conditions for tourism development at regional and local level play a key role: they should constitute a coherent package, including economic, legal, institutional, infrastructure, cultural and social elements. The aim of the package must be the definition of a regional profile, stressing and taking advantage of specific feature of each local area (Funck and Kowalski, 1997). Based on these overall considerations our paper aims to discuss the tourism development factors proposing Romania as a relevant case study from two complementary perspectives: on the one hand, it displays an uneven regional development, which requires appropriate solutions in terms of regional strategies and policies; on the other hand the less developed regions have an important tourist potential, which might and should be turned to good account in order to reduce the gap separating them from the developed ones. Though, despite this potential the results are far behind the expectations, so that the study of the factors that still need a special consideration is highly required. In line with the results provided by the World Tourism Organization via the country ranking in terms of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (Blanke and Chiesa, 2011), which indicate the weak infrastructure as one of the major obstacles for the development of the tourism in Romania, we have proposed and tested a model able to quantify and shed light on the regional disparities in this respect. Accordingly, the paper is organized as follows. First, a review on the tourism development in Romania is provided, emphasizing the disparities between its eight NUTS 2 regions. Second, a couple of econometric models are elaborated and tested in order to evaluate the impact of infrastructure on tourism activity, revealing the specific bottlenecks at regional level. Third, various solutions for tourism support, focusing on those able to surmount the infrastructure hurdle are discussed. 2. General discussion on tourism development in Romania The evaluation of Romanias tourist patrimony relies on a comprehensive activity of tourist zoning that was first developed in 1975-1977 and then periodically updated. Considering tourism as a system at national scale it has aimed at establishing a model for evaluating, constructing a hierarchy and proposing the most suitable ways of turning the tourist patrimony to good account. Multiple criteria have been used in order to delimit the tourist zones and to propose the priority actions in each specific case. As a result, a wide range of tourist zones have been identified, some of them of a particular importance to the European and worlds natural and cultural heritage. Thus, the natural patrimony includes the Delta of Danube as biosphere reservation, the Romanian shore of the Black Sea, the Romanian Carpathians, North Oltenia, Banat area, the Danube Valley, and so on. The most representative areas for the cultural heritage are North Moldova (with monasteries and churches declared worlds heritage by UNESCO), the medieval core of Brasov and Sibiu cities in Transylvania, the medieval fortress of Sighisoara also in Transylvania (the only one still inhabited in Europe), Bucharest and its surroundings, the Greek, Dacian and Roman archaeological sites in Dobrogea and Transylvania, the Neolithic archaeological sites in Moldova most of them located in extremely attractive areas from natural beauty viewpoint as well. More recently, the Spatial Planning of the National Territory has structured the zones of a major tourist potential into two categories, namely: (1) zones of a highly valuable and complex tourist potential (24% of the national territory), which includes national parks and biosphere reservations, protected national areas, cultural patrimony of national and international interest, museums and memorial houses, spa resources  [i]  ; (2) zones of a high tourist potential (34% of the national territory), with natural and cultural patrimony resources of especially national interest. An important characteristic of Romanias natural and cultural-historic patrimony is its relatively well-balanced territorial distribution that has a particular significance especially for the lagging regions, with other economic activities less developed. Based on its potential contribution to the general economic recovery, competitiveness and reduction of interregional disparities tourism is approached by all significant actors population included as one of the priority sectors of the Romanian economy. All governments after 1990 have included tourism development in their strategies, this interest being reflected by its privatization prior to other sectors  [ii]  . Though, the results recorded in the last fifteen years are far below the expectations: the rate of tourism growth is under the economic growth rate and the contribution of tourism to GDP is pretty low (2.3% in 2005 and approx. 2.0% in 2009 according to the methodology of the National Institute of Statistics  [iii]  .). According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index launched by the World Economic Forum in March 2007 Romania was ranked the 76th among 124 countries in 2006, with a score of 3.91 on a scale from 1 to 7. In 2011 the overall rank of Romania is 63, with a score of 4.17. With its three pillars referring to travel and tourism regulatory framework, business environment and infrastructure and human, cultural and natural resources, the index reveals relatively good results in terms of policy rules and regulations, price competitiveness in travel and tourism industry, human resources (education and training, workforce wellness), natural and cultural resources and quite poor results in terms of environmental regulation, air transport infrastructure, ICT infrastructure, availability of qualified labour. As a result, about Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index Romania is behind almost all former or current EU candidate countries such as Estonia (score 4.88 and rank 28), Czech Republic (4.77 and 35) , Slovakia (4.68 and 37), Hungary (4.54 and 40), Slovenia (4.64 and 44), Bulgaria (4.39 and 54), Poland 4.38 and 63), etc. and, respectively, Croatia (4.61 and 38), Turkey (4.37 and 52) (Source: The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011, World Economic Forum, Geneva, 2011). 3. Some comments on the number of departures and arrivals of international tourists in Romania Romanian tourism has seen important changes during the transition from planned economy to market economy. Table 1 presents a series of indicators calculated in order to characterize arrivals and departures of tourists in Romania during the period 1990 to 2010, and also during the political cycles in this period. Statistical indicators are computed on the total number of tourists and transport categories. Table 1. The dynamic of the arrivals and departures of tourists for Romania (%) Indicator Index/rhythm Time period for the indicator 1990-2010 1990-1992 1993-1996 1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2010 Arrivals of tourists in Romania Total Index change 114.8 98.0 90.0 102.2 133.7 128.4 The average annual rate of change 0.7 -1.0 -3.5 0.7 10.2 5.1 Road transport Index change 161.0 131.5 94.5 98.9 149.1 133.4 The average annual rate of change 2.4 14.7 -1.9 -0.4 14.2 5.9 Railway transport Index change 9.5 48.0 49.0 110.6 64.7 72.8 The average annual rate of change -11.1 -30.7 -21.2 3.4 -13.5 -6.2 Air transport Index change 448.0 113.7 147.2 122.9 100.0 132.1 The average annual rate of change 7.8 6.6 13.8 7.1 0.0 5.7 Ship transport Index change 63.6 57.4 110.3 82.5 137.8 82.4 The average annual rate of change -2.2 -24.2 3.3 -6.2 11.3 -3.8 Tourists departures from Romania Total Index change 96.7 96.7 53.4 102.3 108.8 152.7 The average annual rate of change -0.2 -1.7 -18.9 0.8 2.9 8.8 Road transport Index change 98.6 114.4 46.5 107.6 118.2 137.9 The average annual rate of change -0.1 6.9 -22.5 2.5 5.7 6.6 Railway transport Index change 7.8 44.1 74.3 69.0 34.6 87.8 The average annual rate of change -12.0 -33.6 -9.4 -11.6 -29.8 -2.6 Air transport Index change 911.3 57.4 184.1 132.1 127.0 274.1 The average annual rate of change 11.7 -24.3 22.6 9.7 8.3 22.3 Ship transport Index change 16.8 24.8 144.0 82.7 38.3 51.4 The average annual rate of change -8.5 -50.2 12.9 -6.1 -27.3 -12.5 Figure 1. The ratio between the number of arrivals and departures of tourists in Romania during 1990 2010 During the period 1990 2010 the two indicators, departures and arrivals of tourists have evolved quite different. Over the period 1990 2010 the number of arrivals of tourists in Romania recorded an increase of 14.8% with an average annual rate of 0.7%. For the same period, departures of tourists fell by 3.3% with an average annual rate of -0.2%. Figure 1 shows the evolution of ration between the annual number of arrivals and departures of tourists for Romania in the period 1990 to 2010. The values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of this ratio for the entire period are subunit which shows that throughout the analyzed period, the annual number of tourist arrivals in Romania was lower than the number of tourists departures from Romania. During the analyzed period, the data series of the number of departures and arrivals of foreign tourists in Romania are non-stationary, and they are integrated of order 1. Table 2 presents the results of applying the ADF (Dickey and Fuller, 1979) and Philips-Peron (Philips and Peron, 1988) tests used to determine the properties of stationarity and to determine the order of integration of the two data sets. Table 2. Unit root tests Variables Dickey-Fuller Philips-Perron L trend trend 1 Yes Yes 0 No No 3 Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes The null hypothesis H0 is non-stationarity of the variable. For each case the statistics value is specified and statistical probability of a type I error in given between brackets. Here, N_DEP_T means the number of departures during a time period and N_ARRIV_T designates the number of tourist arrivals during the same period. The two tests indicate non-stationarity of the data series of the number of departures and arrivals of foreign tourists in Romania. These series are non-stationary in levels but are stationary in first difference which shows that the two series are I(1). Furthermore, arrivals are stationary around a deterministic trend, while departures dont have this property. These properties are confirmed by applying two statistical tests: ADF and PP. In the following we mention some of the most plausible explanation of these evolutions. Firstly, political changes in 1989 caused an increase in the number of Romanian tourists who went abroad in the first years that followed. Secondly, the accession to the European Union caused a considerable increase in the number of Romanian tourists who went abroad, this being an immediate consequence of the free movement within the European Union. The largest growth of Romanian tourists who went abroad occurred in the 2005-2010 period of time. During this period the average annual growth rate was 8.8%, this growth being the immediate result of the accession to EU starting on January 1, 2007. The number of Romanian tourists who went abroad in the first three years of accession was 23.8%, 46.78% and 31.6% higher compared with 2006. Thirdly, the evolution of the number of Romanian tourists went abroad was caused by an increase in the average wage in the economy. During the period 1990 2010 the average annual growth rate of the average wage in the economy was 0.82%. The most significant increase occurred in the periods 2001 2004 and 2005 2010 for which the annual average increases were 7.85% and 11.37%. Table 3 presents the results of the Granger test applied to determine if there is a Granger causal relationship between the number of departures and the evolution of the average wage in the economy (N_NAW). The results confirm that the evolution of the average wage in the economy Granger causally determined the number of Romanian tourists who went abroad. By applying this statistical test we also established that there is no Granger causality between the number of tourists departures and arrivals. Table 3. Granger causality analysis between the number of departures, number of arrivals, and average net wage in the economy. Hypothesis F statistics Decision N_DEP_T does not Granger Cause N_NAW 0.09994 N_NAW does not Granger Cause N_DEP_T 5.68426 N_DEP_T does not Granger Cause N_ARRIV_T 0.32140 There is no causal relationship between variables N_ARRIV_T does not Granger Cause N_DEP_T 0.57462 4. Features of regional tourism development One of the main reasons of this unsatisfactory overall image is the insufficiency and bad state of both general and tourism-specific infrastructure, unable to meet the requirements of a modern, internationally competitive tourism. Other disfavouring factors in the last fifteen years have envisaged the rigidity of tourism administrative structures, the social instability, the poverty which the majority of population is confronted with, the deficient supply of food, fuel and other goods absolutely necessary to a proper tourism, the low managerial competence and tourism personnels behaviour, the image of Romania abroad, various environmental damages. Some of these drawbacks have been partially alleviated as a result of including tourism development as one of the priorities of the National Development Plan since 1999 (when the first plan was launched) and, consequently, of supporting it via national budget as well as EU pre-accession instruments (e.g. Phare). The investment and management efforts in tourism made it possible to stop the decrease in the total activity volume of this sector recorded between 1990 and 2000 and an upward trend has been recorded starting from 2001. Table 4 shows the average annual rates of three important economic indicators used to characterize the tourism activity at national level and each of the eight development regions: accommodation capacity (AC), staying over night (SON) and arrivals (A). The annual average rates are calculated for 1990 2010 period of time, and the electoral cycles of this period: 1990-1996, 1997 2000, 2001 2004 and 2005 to 2010. Table 4. The evolution of the main indicators of tourism between 1990 and 2010 Region Accommodation Capacity (AC) (number of beds) 2010 Staying over night (SON) 2009 Arrivals (A) 2009 Indicator Average annual growth rate 1990-2010 1990-1996 1997-2000 2001-2004 2005-2010 North-East 21279 1509550 1509550 AC -0.80 -4.62 -2.42 0.41 2.60 SON -4.45 -10.88 -6.43 4.96 1.38 A -4.77 -11.05 -3.15 1.94 1.26 South-East 13687 4423728 4423728 AC -0.86 -3.13 0.20 -0.30 0.58 SON -3.65 -9.43 -4.59 4.45 1.09 A -5.92 -10.79 -3.66 -1.23 -3.68 South 22625 1674366 1674366 AC -0.86 -2.13 -1.88 1.80 0.30 SON -4.32 -9.95 -6.08 1.79 0.76 A -4.73 -10.19 -6.59 0.44 -1.89 South-West 16410 1441604 1441604 AC -2.34 -7.05 -3.68 -3.12 2.26 SON -5.27 -11.09 -8.98 2.24 2.31 A -5.29 -12.69 -1.84 -1.90 -2.60 West 23257 1676496 1676496 AC -0.56 -2.73 -0.85 -1.88 1.78 SON -4.48 -12.46 3.32 -0.33 1.82 A -4.58 -12.05 3.13 0.10 -2.24 North-West 26103 2098589 2098589 AC -0.54 -1.55 -1.18 -0.83 0.06 SON -3.72 -10.36 -3.32 5.40 -0.03 A -4.38 -12.56 0.16 1.61 -2.16 Centre 42029 2665298 2665298 AC -0.26 -3.15 -1.61 -0.27 3.45 SON -3.23 -7.74 -3.97 5.64 0.11 A -4.46 -10.14 -5.36 0.94 -1.07 Bucharest-Ilfov 23120 1835779 1835779 AC 2.99 -5.35 -3.84 7.49 15.55 SON -0.65 -8.67 -10.23 14.37 4.46 A -2.59 -11.97 -10.67 12.00 5.51 Romania 188510 17325410 17325410 AC -0.61 -3.20 -0.83 -0.30 1.92 SON -3.59 -9.86 -4.94 4.97 1.42 A -4.85 -11.20 -3.46 0.69 -1.46 Data source: NIS TEMPO 2011 and the authors processing of data; for SON and A the rhythms are calculated for the period 1990 to 2009. We highlighted the following aspects of the evolution of the considered indicators on national level and for the eight development regions on the 1990-201 period: the average annual growth rate of the accommodation capacity of 2.99%, was recorded only in the Bucharest Ilfov region, in all other regions it have declined between -0.26% annual average in the Central region and -2.34% in the South West region; at national level the decline was -0.61% on average each year; in all developing regions there has been an annual average decrease in the number of overnight stays over the whole period 1990 2009. The annual average decrease of this index value among regions ranged between -5.27% in South-West and -0.65% in the Bucharest-Ilfov region. Nationally there was a decrease in the annual average number of overnight stays of -3.59%; the number of arrivals over the 1990-2010 period decreased every year with an average of -4.85%. The annual average rate for the eight regions ranged from -5.92% in the South East region to 2.59% in the Bucharest Ilfov region; the most significant decrease for the three indicators in most regions were recorded during the first two election cycles between 1990 to 2000. Since the period 2001 2004 there is a noticeable stabilization and a relative increase of values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for the three indicators both at national and regional level. This tendency is correlated with the overall evolution of the Romanian economy, which has recorded an important economic growth during 2000-2008 period (annual growth rates were above 5%). During the 2001 2004 period the annual average GDP growth was 6.0% and for the period 2005 to 2010 it was 3.9%. The economic growth rate during 2005 2010 has been reduced significantly due to economic crisis that affected the Romanian economy in 2009 and 2010. In the period following the political changes of 1989 a reduction of the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of above mentioned three indicators has been recorded at both national and regional levels because of the following reasons: the number of employees in the economy has significantly decreased and thus the number of employees who requested a ticket for rest and treatment by union decreased. In the planned economy era unions distributed a considerable number of tickets for rest and treatment to its members. Many times the employees right to such a ticket turns into an obligation to accept it. Under these conditions a large number of spa resorts have completely closed their accommodation capacities; a significant number of Romanians have preferred spending the holiday in other countries, mostly in Greece and Turkey; public road infrastructure and railways has not developed to the level required by Romanian and foreign tourists. The average annual increase in length of public roads during 1990 2010 was only 0.62%, and the length of railways was reduced on average by -0.25% annually. The accommodation capacity in use increased by 8.39% at national level as a result of the major increase in Bucharest-Ilfov region. Most of the other regions recorded smaller or bigger increases and only in the South region the accommodation capacity in use decreased. This is a result of the restructuring and modernization of the tourism capacity inherited from the communist period. The progress is visible in term of increase in the share of higher quality standard capacities (3-5 star capacities), especially after 2000 (Baleanu et. al., 2008) (Olteanu, 2011). As far as the distribution by region of the accommodation capacity is concerned, an important disequilibrium can be easily noticed between the South-East region and the rest of the country, which is explained by the high concentration in the Black Sea area (Secara, 2010). However, the use of the accommodation capacity in this area is characterized by a big seasonality. The number of arrivals and staying over night has recorded different evolutions: the number of arrivals increased whereas the number of staying over night decreased, especially in the seashore area. These figures not only reflect the increase of the weekend tourism but also the increase in the number of tourists who chose as seashore destinations other countries such as Bulgaria, Turkey, and Greece (Olteanu, 2011). The index of using the accommodation capacity has a slightly increasing overall trend, as a result of combining important decreases (especially in the Black Sea area and Bucharest), but it has a relatively low overall level: only approximately one third of the accommodation capacity is used (Table 5). Table 5. The index of using the accommodation capacity in function in 2007 compared with 2000 (percentage) Region 2000 2008 North-East 31.7 29.3 South-East 44.8 42.5 South 28.9 32.8 South-West 42.6 41.2 West 36.3 35.1 North-West 29.9 32.7 Centre 28.0 30.0 Bucharest-Ilfov 36.3 24.6 Romania 35.2 36.0 Source: Territorial Statistical Yearbook of Romania, 2009 Romanian tourism in general is still confronted with the outdated and insufficient infrastructure, unable to offer proper access to architecture monuments, archaeological sites, to meet the demand of parking lots, information points for cultural sites, belvedere points for defence walls, medieval fortresses, churches, monasteries, camping lots for pilgrims, etc. Also the connected facilities hotels, motels, restaurants, gas stations, car rental firms are still behind the demand. The transportation infrastructure is particularly weak in all its forms road, rail, naval and air, with an emphasis on road infrastructure: the highways are almost inexistent while the modernized roads are insufficient and concentrated especially around the Capital city (Table 6). Table 6. The density of public roads and modernized public roads (Km/100sq Km) in 2008 Region PR/100kmp MPR /100kmp North-East 36.6 9.34 South-East 30.7 6.64 South 36.5 11.79 South-West 36.5 12.56 West 32.1 9.17 North-West 35.4 8.39 Centre 31.4 8.17 Bucharest-Ilfov 48.9 36.37 Source: Territorial Statistical Yearbook of Romania, 2010 In almost all regions the public roads have a low density, whereas the modernized public roads represent less than one third out of total. The exception is the Bucharest-Ilfov region, where the density is higher than in the rest of Romania and the modernized public roads represent approximately 60% of the total length at country level. For comparison, in 1998, the density of public roads was 165.45 in Denmark, 64.75 in Germany, 51.29 in Sweden (referinta). The importance of public roads is explained by the fact that a big share of tourist activity in Romania is supported by road transportation. Thus, according to NIS da